topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
The ordinary “line” (i.e. the real numbers equipped with their Euclidean metric topology) may be thought of as the result of gluing a countable set of copies of the half-open interval end-to-end in both directions. A long line is similarly obtained by gluing an uncountable set of copies of end-to-end in both directions, and is demonstrably “longer” than an ordinary line on account of a number of peculiar properties.
The long line is a source of many counterexamples in topology.
Let be the first uncountable ordinal, and consider the half-open interval as an totally ordered set. A long ray is the ordered set taken in the lexicographic order; as a space, it is given the order topology. The long line is the space obtained by gluing two long rays together at their initial points.
The long line is a line in the sense of being a -dimensional locally Euclidean space (without boundary) that is not closed (so not a circle). However, it is not paracompact, so it is not homeomorphic to the real line (even though it is Hausdorff).
All the assertions below apply to both the long line and the long ray. We write to cover both cases even if we only treat one.
Every continuous function is eventually constant, i.e., there exists and such that whenever (and similarly is constant for all sufficiently small ).
is a normal () space, but the Tychonoff product with its one-point compactification is not normal. (See for example Munkres.)
Every continuous map has a fixed point.
is sequentially compact but not compact. (Being sequentially compact, they are also countably compact spaces.) Thus, the image under a continuous map , being sequentially compact, is a compact subspace of .
The long ray/line is not contractible. Proof sketch for the long ray: Suppose is a homotopy such that is constant and is the identity. For each the image is an interval (either bounded or unbounded), since is connected. One may show the set
is both closed and open. It also contains , hence is all of . But can’t contain , contradiction.
Let us flesh out this sketched proof. First we show is closed. Denote the bottom element of by . If is a sequence in with limit point , then for some sequence of bounds ; this sequence has an upper bound . Then for all , which is the same as saying . Now is included within the closure of the union, which is included within the closed set . But means ; hence .
Now we show is open. This uses a countably compact version of the tube lemma. If , then we can find such that , where the right side is open in . Let denote the open ball of radius centered at , and for in let denote the open interval between and . Consider the collection of all triples such that
For each fixed , put . The form a countable open cover of , since for every there is a containing the pair . Since is countably compact, there is a finite subcover . Putting , we see
from which it immediately follows that .
Steen and Seebach, Counterexamples in Topology. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978. Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1995.
James Munkres, Topology (2nd edition). Prentice-Hall, 2000.
See also
Last revised on July 28, 2018 at 23:47:39. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.